Brief Contents

I Introduction to Solaris

1 The Solaris Operating System 3

2 Getting Started 15

3 The Solaris Utilities 41

4 The Solaris Filesystem 75

5 The Shell I 103

6 Graphical User Interfaces 129

7 Networking and the Internet 185

8 The vi Editor 245

9 The emacs Editor 291

10 The Shell II (sh) 347

11 Bourne Shell Programming 393

12 The C Shell 435

13 The Korn Shell and Advanced Shell Programming 479

14 Programming Tools 547

15 System Administration 591

A Regular Expressions 953

B Help! 963

C Security 993

D The POSIX Standards 1007

Glossary 1025

Index 1051
 
 

Contents

Preface xlv

Audience xlv

Benefits xlv

Scope of Coverage and Features xlvi

Parts I, II, and III l

Supplements liii

Thanks liii
 
 

Part I

Introduction to Solaris
 
 

Chapter 1

The Solaris Operating System 3

The Heritage of UNIX 3

What’s So Good about Solaris? 4

System Features 4

Standards 4

Binary Compatibility 4

The Standardization of UNIX 5

How Can UNIX Run on Different Computers/Processors? 5

The C Programming Language 5

Overview of Solaris 6

Solaris Has a Kernel Programming Interface 6

Supports Many Tasks at One Time 6

Supports Many Users at One Time 7

Solaris Provides a Hierarchical Filesystem
with Builtin Security 7

The Shell Is a Command Interpreter
and Programming Language 8

Filename Generation 8

Device-Independent Input and Output 8

Shell Functions 8

Job Control 9

A Large Collection of Useful Utilities 9

Interprocess Communication 9

System Administration 9

Additional Features of Solaris 10

Graphical User Interfaces 10

(Inter)networking Utilities 10

Software Development 11

Screen-Oriented and Graphical Editors 11

Advanced Electronic Mail 11

GNU/FSF 12

Summary 12

Review Exercises 13

Getting Started 15

Before You Start 15

Name and Version of the Operating System 16

Conventions 16

Keys and Characters 16

Utility Names 16

Filenames 17

Shell and Builtin and Variable Names 17

Items You Enter 17

Prompts and RETURNs 17

Optional Information 18

Solaris2 Designation 18

Logging In 18

Graphical User Interface (GUI) 18

Character-Based Interface 19

Incorrect Login 20

The Shell 21

Logging Out 21

Terminal Emulation and telnet21

Superuser 22

Correcting Mistakes 23

Erasing a Character 23

Deleting a Word 23

Deleting a Line 24

Aborting Execution 24

passwd: Changing Your Password 24

Documentation 26

AnswerBook2 26

man and xman: Displaying the System Manual 27

Editing a File 29

Tutorial: dtpad: Creating and Editing a File 30

Correcting Mistakes 30

Moving the Cursor 31

Highlighting Text 31

Saving a File 31

Ending an Editing Session 32

Tutorial: textedit: Creating and Editing a File 32

Getting Started 32

Correcting Mistakes 33

Moving the Cursor 33

Highlighting Text 33

Saving a File 33

Ending an Editing Session 34

Basic Utilities 34

ls: Listing the Contents of a Directory 34

cat: Displaying a Text File 34

pg or more: Displaying a Long Text File 35

rm: Deleting a File 35

hostname: Displaying a Machine Name 36

Quoting Special Characters 36

Summary 37

Review Exercises 38

Advanced Review Exercises 39

Working with Files 41

cp: Copy a File 41

mv: Change the Name of a File 42

lp: Print a File 43

grep: Find a String 43

head: Display the Beginning of a File 44

tail: Display the End of a File 45

sort: Display a File in Order 45

uniq: Remove Duplicate Lines in a File 45

diff: Compare Two Files 46

file: Test the Contents of a File 46

unix2dos: Convert Solaris Files to DOS/Windows Format 46

Three Useful Utilities 47

echo: Display Text 47

date: Display the Time and Date 47

script: Record a Solaris Session 47

Compressing and Archiving Files 48

compress: Shrink a File 49

uncompress,zcat: Expand a File 50

tar: Pack and Unpack a File 50

Locating Commands 53

which,whereis: Locate Utilities 53

apropos: Search for Keywords 54

Obtaining User and System Information 55

who: List Users on the System 55

finger: List Users on the System 56

w: List Users 57

Communicating with Other Users 58

write: Send a Message 58

talk: Communicate with Another User 59

mesg: Deny or Accept Messages 60

Electronic Mail 61

Similarities between dtmail and mailtool 61

Tutorial: Using dtmail or mailtool to Send
and Receive Electronic Mail 62

Reading Mail 62

Sending Mail 63

Header 63

Alias 64

Tutorial: Using pine to Send
and Receive Electronic Mail 65

Getting Started 65

Sending Mail 66

Receiving Mail 68

Sending Mail to More Than One Person 69

Network Addresses 70

Summary 70

Review Exercises 72

Advanced Review Exercises 73

The Hierarchical Filesystem 75

Using the Hierarchical Filesystem 76

Directory and Ordinary Files 76

Filenames 77

Filename Extensions 78

Invisible Filenames 78

mkdir: Create a Directory 78

cd: Change to Another Working Directory 79

The Working Directory 79

Significance of the Working Directory 80

Your Home Directory 80

Startup Files 81

Absolute Pathnames 81

Relative Pathnames 82

The . and .. Directory Entries 83

Important Standard Directories and Files 83

Working with Directories 86

rmdir: Delete a Directory 86

Using Pathnames 86

Special Pathnames 87

mv, cp: Move or Copy a File 88

mv: Move a Directory 88

Access Permissions 88

ls–l: Display Permissions 89

chmod: Change Access Permissions 90

Setuid and Setgid Permissions 90

Directory Access Permissions 91

Links 92

ln: Create a Link 94

cp versus ln 94

Symbolic Links 96

Creating a Symbolic Link 96

Using Symbolic Links to Change Directories 97

Symbolically Linked Directories under the Bourne and C Shells 97

Symbolically Linked Directories under the Korn Shell 97

rm: Remove a Link 98

Summary 98

Review Exercises 99

Advanced Review Exercises 101

The Shell I 103

The Command Line 103

Syntax 103

Command Name 104

Arguments 104

Options 104

Processing the Command Line 105

Executing the Command Line 106

Standard Input and Standard Output 106

The Window/Terminal as a File 107

The Window/Terminal as Standard Input
and Standard Output 107

Redirection 108

Redirecting Standard Output 109

Redirecting Standard Input 110

Appending Standard Output to a File 112

/dev/null 113

Pipes 113

Filters 115

tee: Sending Output in Two Directions 115

Running a Program in the Background 116

Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion 118

The ? Special Character 119

The k Special Character 120

The [] Special Characters 121

Summary 123

Review Exercises 123

Advanced Review Exercises 125
 
 

Part II

Intermediate/Advanced Solaris

Chapter 6

Graphical User Interfaces 129

What Is a GUI? 129

Using a GUI 130

Logging In 131

Menus 132

Dialog Boxes 132

Screen Layout 133

Window Manager 133

Desktop Manager 133

Workspace Manager 134

CDE Desktop Manager 134

Front Panel 135

Title Bar 138

Common Operations—Menus 138

Window Menu 138

Workspace Menu 139

Logging Out 139

Working with Windows 139

Closing a Window 139

Opening a Terminal Emulator Window 140

Moving a Window 141

Resizing a Window 141

Raising and Lowering Windows 142

Scrolling Text 142

Motif Scroll Bar 143

Athena Scroll Bar 143

OpenLook Scroll Bar 144

Using Icons 145

File Manager 145

The View Menu 149

The View/Set View Options Window 149

Properties 150

Copying and Pasting Text 151

X Window System 153

X Window System Window Managers 154

X Window System and Solaris 154

Bringing Up the X Server 156

Remote Computing and Local Displays 156

Local X Server, Remote Display 157

Local Display, Remote X Server 158

Stopping the X Server 159

Customizing Your X Work Environment 159

Remapping Mouse Buttons 159

Customizing X Applications
on the Command Line 160

Setting X Resources 161

Customizing CDE 163

Style Manager Tools 163

Color Window 163

Font Window 164

Backdrop Window 164

Keyboard Window 164

Mouse Window 164

Beep Window 165

Screen Window 165

Window Window 165

Startup Window 166

.dtprofile 166

Building Menus 167

Actions 170

Front Panel 172

Login Manager 172

Session Manager 172

Initialization Files 173

Login Screen 173

Issuing Commands before and after the Session 174

Session Setup 175

OpenLook Window Manager 176

Workspace Menu 177

File Manager 178

Customizing the Desktop 178

Saving the Desktop 178

Help Viewer 179

Customizing Menus 179

Application Preferences 181

X Applications 181

Summary 183

Review Exercises 184

Networking and the Internet 185

Network Services 187

Intranets 187

Common Types of Networks 188

Local Area Networks (LANs) 189

Ethernet 189

Wide Area Networks (WANs) 190

Internetworking through Gateways and Routers 190

Network Protocols 191

Host Addresses 193

Subnets 195

Communicating over the Network 198

finger: Learn about Remote Users 198

Sending Mail to a Remote User 200

talk: with a Remote User 201

Mailing List Servers 201

Networking Utilities 201

ping: Test a Network Connection 202

rlogin, telnet: Access a Remote Computer 203

Trusted Hosts and the .rhosts File 206

rcp, ftp: Transfer Files over a Network 207

Anonymous ftp208

rsh: Run a Command Remotely 208

traceroute: Trace a Route over the Internet 209

rwho: List Users on Remote Computers 210

nslookup: Query Internet Name Servers 210

whois: Look Up a User on the Internet 213

Distributed Computing 216

The Client/Server Model 216

Overview of Domain Name Service (DNS) 217

Network Information Service (NIS) 218

Network File System (NFS) 219

automount: Automatic Filesystem Mounting 220

Network Services/Daemons 221

USENET 227

Tutorial: Using pine as a Newsreader 229

Subscribing to Newsgroups 230

Reading News 230

Posting News 230

Unsubscribing from Newsgroups 231

Overview of the World Wide Web 231

Tutorial: Using Netscape 234

Screen Elements 234

Navigating the Web 236

Reading Netnews 236

Downloading Files 237

Using Bookmarks 238

Using a Search Engine 238

Other WWW Browsers 241

More about URLs 241

Creating Your Own Web Page 242

Summary 242

Advanced Review Exercises 244

The vi Editor 245

History 245

Tutorial: Using vi to Create
and Edit a File 246

Specifying a Terminal 246

Starting vi 246

Command and Input Modes 247

Entering Text 248

Ending the Editing Session 250

Introduction to vi Features 250

Modes of Operation 250

The Display 251

The Status Line 251

Redrawing the Screen 251

The Tilde (~) Symbol 252

Correcting Text as You Insert It 252

Command Case 252

The Work Buffer 252

Line Length and File Size 253

Abnormal Termination of an Editing Session 253

Recovering Text after a Crash 254

Command Mode—Moving the Cursor 254

Moving the Cursor by Characters 255

Moving the Cursor by Words 255

Moving the Cursor by Lines 255

Moving the Cursor by Sentences and Paragraphs 256

Moving the Cursor within the Screen 256

Viewing Different Parts of the Work Buffer 257

Input Mode 257

The Insert Commands 257

The Append Commands 257

The Open Commands 258

The Replace Commands 258

The Quote Command 258

Command Mode—Deleting and Changing Text 258

The Undo Command 259

The Delete Character Command 259

The Delete Command 259

The Change Command 260

The Substitute Command 262

The Case Command 262

Searching and Substituting 262

Searching for a Character 262

Searching for a String 263

Special Characters in Search Strings 263

Substituting One String for Another 264

The Substitute Address 265

The Search and Replace Strings 265

Miscellaneous Commands 269

The Yank, Put, and Delete Commands 269

The General-Purpose Buffer 269

The Yank Command 269

The Put Commands 270

The Delete Commands 270

The Named Buffers 270

The Numbered Buffers 271

Reading and Writing Files 272

The Read Command 272

The Write Command 272

Identifying the Current File 273

Setting Parameters 273

Setting Parameters from vi273

Setting Parameters in a Startup File 273

Setting Parameters in the .exrc Startup File 274

Parameters 274

Advanced Editing Techniques 277

Using Markers 277

Editing Other Files 278

Macros and Shortcuts 278

Executing Shell Commands from vi279

Units of Measure 281

Character 281

Word 281

Blank-Delimited Word 282

Line 282

Screen 283

Repeat Factor 283

Summary 284

Review Exercises 289

Advanced Review Exercises 290

The emacs Editor 291

About emacs 291

emacs versus vi 292

Tutorial: Getting Started with emacs 293

Starting emacs 293

Stopping emacs 294

Inserting Text 295

Moving the Cursor 296

Moving the Cursor by Characters 296

Moving the Cursor by Words 296

Moving the Cursor by Lines 297

Moving the Cursor by Sentences, Paragraphs,
and Window Position 297

Editing at the Cursor Position 297

Saving and Retrieving the Buffer 298

Basic Editing Commands 298

Keys: Notation and Use 299

Key Sequences and Commands 300

Running a Command without a Key Binding: META-x 300

Numeric Arguments 300

Point and the Cursor 301

Scrolling through a Buffer 301

Erasing Text 301

Searching 302

Incremental Searches 302

Nonincremental Searches 303

Regular Expression Searches 303

Online Help 303

Advanced Editing Topics 305

Undoing Changes 305

Mark and Region 306

Cutting and Pasting: Yanking Killed Text 308

Inserting Special Characters 309

Global Buffer Commands 309

Line-Oriented Operations 310

Unconditional and Interactive Replacement 310

Working with Files 311

Visiting Files 311

Saving Files 311

Working with Buffers 313

Working with Windows 314

Window Creation by Splitting 314

Manipulating Windows 315

Other-Window Display 315

Adjusting and Deleting Windows 315

Foreground Shell Commands 315

Background Shell Commands 316

Language-Sensitive Editing 316

Selecting a Major Mode 317

Human-Language Modes 317

Working with Words 317

Working with Sentences 317

Working with Paragraphs 318

Filling 318

Case Conversion 319

Text Mode 319

C Mode 320

Working with Expressions 320

Function Definitions 321

Indention 321

Customizing Indention for Versions 19 and Above 322

Comment Handling 323

Special-Purpose Modes 323

Shell Mode 324

Customizing emacs 325

The .emacs Startup File 326

Remapping Keys 326

A Sample .emacs File for Versions 19 and Above 328

emacs and the X Window System 329

Mouse Commands for Cut and Paste 329

Mouse-2 Selections 332

Scroll Bars 332

Manipulating Windows with the Mouse 332

Frame Management 333

Manipulating Frames 333

Switching to Another Frame 333

Menu Bars 334

Resources for emacs 334

USENET emacs FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) 334

Access to emacs 335

Summary 335

Review Exercises 343

Advanced Review Exercises 344

The Shell II (sh) 347

Bourne Shell Background 348

POSIX Shells 349

Creating a Simple Shell Script 349

chmod: Make a File Executable 349

Command Separation and Grouping 351

; and NEWLINE: Separate Commands 351

\: Continue a Command 351

| and &: Separate Commands and Do Something Else 351

(): Group Commands 354

Redirecting Standard Error 355

Job Control 357

jobs: List Jobs 357

fg: Bring a Job to the Foreground 358

bg: Put a Job into the Background 359

Processes 360

Process Structure 360

Process Identification 361

Executing a Command 362

Invoking a Shell Script 362

#!: Specify a Shell 363

#: Make a Comment 364

Startup Files 364

Parameters and Variables 365

User-Created Variables 366

unset: Remove a Variable 367

readonly: Make a Variable Permanent 367

export: Make Variables Global 368

read: Accept User Input 369

` ...`: Substitute the Output of a Command 371

Keyword Variables 371

HOME: Locate Your Home Directory 372

PATH: Where to Find Programs 372

MAIL: Where Mail Is Kept 373

PS1: Prompt the User (Primary) 373

PS2: Prompt the User (Secondary) 374

IFS: Separate Input Fields 374

CDPATH: Broaden the Scope of cd374

Running .profile with the . (Dot) Builtin 375

Positional Parameters 375

$0: Name of the Calling Program 375

$1–$9: Command-Line Arguments 376

shift: Promote Command-Line Arguments 377

set: Initialize Command-Line Arguments 378

Special Parameters 379

$k and $@: Value of Command-Line Arguments 379

$$: PID Number 380

$?: Exit Status 381

Command-Line Expansion 381

Parameter Expansion 382

Braces 382

Variable Expansion 382

Command Substitution 383

Word Splitting 383

Pathname Expansion 384

Summary 386

Review Exercises 389

Advanced Review Exercises 391

Bourne Shell Programming 393

Control Structures 394

if...then 394

if...then...else 397

if...then...elif 399

Debugging Shell Scripts 404

for...in 405

for 406

while 407

until 411

break and continue412

case 413

The Here Document 419

Expanding Null or Unset Variables 422

:– Use a Default Value 422

:= Assign a Default Value 422

:? Display an Error Message 423

Builtins 423

exec: Execute a Command 423

trap: Catch a Signal 425

A Partial List of Builtins 428

Functions 429

Summary 431

Review Exercises 432

Advanced Review Exercises 433

Shell Scripts 436

Entering and Leaving the C Shell 436

Startup Files 437

History 438

Reexecuting Events 440

!!: Reexecute the Previous Event 440

!n: Event Number 440

!string: Event Text 440

!n:wWord within an Event 441

!!:s/new/oldModify a Previous Event 442

^old^newQuick Substitution 442

Alias 443

Quotation Marks: Single versus Double 444

History Substitution in an Alias 444

Examples 444

Command-Line Expansion 446

{}: Brace Expansion 447

~: Tilde Expansion 448

$n: Parameter Expansion 449

$NAME: Variable Expansion 449

`cmd` Command Substitution 449

Job Control 450

Directory Stack Manipulation 450

dirs: Display the Contents of the Stack 450

pushd: Push a Directory onto the Stack 451

popd: Remove a Directory from the Stack 451

* ? []: Filename Substitution 452

Redirecting Standard Error 452

Filename Completion 453

Variables 454

Variable Substitution 454

String Variables 455

Arrays of String Variables 456

Numeric Variables 456

Expressions 457

Arrays of Numeric Variables 459

Braces 460

Special Variable Forms 460

Reading User Input 460

Shell Variables 460

Shell Variables That Take on Values 461

Shell Variables That Act as Switches 463

Control Structures 465

if 465

goto 466

Interrupt Handling 466

if...then...else 467

foreach 468

while 470

break and continue 470

switch 471

Builtins 472

Summary 475

Review Exercises 476

Advanced Review Exercises 477

Korn Shell Basics 479

Running Scripts 480

Startup Files 480

Commands That Are Symbols 480

Variables 481

Variable Attributes 481

Locality of Variables 483

Arithmetic 489

Assignments 489

Expressions 490

Operators 490

Builtins 492

Control Structures 493

select 494

repeat 496

Option Processing 496

getopts: Parse Options 498

Input and Output 500

read: Accept User Input 500

print: Display Output 502

File Descriptors 503

Functions 506

Built-in Commands 507

Job Control 507

alias: Shortcut for a Command 507

kill: Abort a Process 508

whence: Display the Absolute
Pathname of a Utility 509

trap: Catch a Signal 509

Command-Line Editing 510

Using the vi Command-Line Editor 511

Pathname Operations 512

Pathname Listing 512

Pathname Completion 512

Pathname Expansion 513

Using the emacs Command-Line Editor 513

History 514

Using the vi Command-Line Editor
on Previous Commands 514

fc: Display, Edit, and Reexecute Commands 515

Viewing the History List 515

Editing and Reexecuting Previous Commands 516

Reexecuting Previous Commands without Calling the Editor 517

Command Processing 517

Token Splitting 518

Alias Substitution 521

Filename Expansion 521

Command Substitution 521

Parameter Expansion 522

Arithmetic Expansion 522

Filename Generation 522

Processing Quotation Marks 522

I/O Redirection and the Coprocess 523

Shell Programs 524

Program Structures 524

Recursion 525

A Programming Problem: makesccs 528

Another Programming Problem: quiz 532

Korn Shell Options (set) 539

Summary 540

Review Exercises 544

Advanced Review Exercises 545

Programming in C 548

Checking Your Compiler 549

A C Programming Example 550

Compiling and Linking a C Program 553

Using Shared Libraries 555

Fixing Broken Binaries 556

Creating Shared Libraries 557

Using LD_PRELOAD 557

make: Keep a Set of Programs Current 558

Implied Dependencies 559

Macros 562

Debugging C Programs 564

lint: Find Errors in a Program 566

gcc: Compiler Warning Options Find Errors in a Program 567

Symbolic Debuggers 568

Starting a Symbolic Debugger 569

The dbx Debugger 569

The gdb Debugger 573

Graphical Symbolic Debuggers 576

Threads 576

System Calls 577

truss: Trace System Calls 578

Controlling Processes 578

Accessing the Filesystem 578

Source Code Management 579

Evolution of an SCCS File 580

Creating an SCCS File 581

Retrieving an SCCS File 583

Recording Changes to an SCCS File 584

Obtaining the History of an SCCS File 585

Restricting Access to SCCS Files 586

Summary 586

Review Exercises 587

Advanced Review Exercises 589

System Administration 591

Product Name 592

The System Administrator and Superuser 592

System Administration Tools 593

Avoiding a Trojan Horse 594

Changing the Default PATH 595

kill: Terminate a Process 595

Detailed Description of System Operation 597

SPARC PROM Mode 598

Booting the Machine 600

Solaris x86 Configuration Assistant 600

Stage I 601

Device Configuration Assistant 601

Stage II 601

Booting the System 602

Single-User Mode 603

Maintenance 603

Checking Filesystem Integrity 603

Going to Multiuser Mode 604

Multiuser Mode 605

Logging In 605

Running a Program and Logging Out 606

Bringing the System Down 606

Going to Single-User Mode 606

Turning the Power Off 607

Crashes 607

Important Files and Directories 608

Types of Files 619

Ordinary Files, Directories, Links, and Inodes 619

Symbolic Links 620

Special Files 620

Fifo Special Files (Named Pipes) 621

Sockets 622

Major and Minor Device Numbers 622

Block and Character Devices 622

Raw Devices 623

Volume Management 623

CDROM 624

Floppy Disk 624

Day-to-Day System Administration 625

Adding and Removing Users 625

Add a New User 625

Remove a User 626

Add a Group 626

admintool 627

Adding and Removing Software Packages 627

Web Start 628

Patches 629

Backing Up Files 631

ufsdump, ufsrestore: Backup and Restore Files 632

Add/Remove Devices: Reconfigure Reboot 634

Add/Remove Drivers 635

Disk Capacity Planning/Partitioning 635

format: Partitioning a Disk 636

fdisk: Partitioning a Disk 638

Add/Remove Printers 639

Add a Local Printer 639

Add a Remote Printer for Solaris 2.5 and Earlier 640

Add a Remote Printer for Solaris 2.6 and Above 640

Add a Printer Using admintool641

Remove a Printer 642

Check Your Mail and Log Files 642

Schedule Routine Tasks 642

Install New Software 643

Install AnswerBook2 643

Install AnswerBook2 under Solaris 7645

Share Files with Other Machines 646

Share Filesystems 647

Unshare Filesystems 648

Mount Remote Filesystems 648

Automatically Mount Filesystems 649

Unmount Remote Filesystems 652

Miscellaneous Filesystem Commands 653

Procfs 654

Network Services 656

Set Up Network Files 656

hosts: List of Machines 656

netmasks: For a Subnetted Network 656

defaultrouter: Specify a Default Router 657

hostname.interface: Specify Network Hardware 657

NIS 657

DNS: Domain Name Service 658

resolv.conf: How to Resolve Hostnames 658

nsswitch.conf: Specify Order to Consult Services 658

PPP 658

sendmail: Set Up Mail 658

sendmail: Mail Client 659

sendmail: Mail Server 660

Aliases 661

System Reports 662

sar: Report on System Activity 662

iostat: Report I/O Statistics 664

vmstat: Report Virtual Memory Statistics 666

netstat: Report Network Statistics 667

mpstat: Report Multiple Processor Statistics 668

top: Report on Processes Using the Most Resources 669

Problems 669

When a User Cannot Log In 669

When the System is Slow 671

lsof: Find Large, Open Files 673

Keeping a Machine Log 673

Keeping the System Secure 674

ACL (Access Control List) 674

Automated Security Enhancement Tools 676

Monitoring Disk Usage 677

Growing Files 677

Disk Quota System 678

Removing Unused Space from a Directory 678

Getting Information to Users 679

Summary 680

Review Exercises 680

Advanced Review Exercises 681
 
 
 
 

The Solaris Utility Programs
 

sample	Very brief description of what the command does	689
admin	Creates or changes the characteristics of an SCCS file	691
at	Executes a shell script at a time you specify	694
cal	Displays a calendar	697
cat	Joins or displays files	698
catman	Preformats and indexes man pages	700
cc	Compiles C programs	702
cd	Changes to another working directory	707
chgrp	Changes the group associated with a file	708
chmod	Changes the access mode of a file	709
chown	Changes the owner of a file	713
cmp	Checks two files to see if they differ	714
comm	Compares sorted files	716
compress	Compresses or decompresses files	717
cp	Copies one or more files	719
cpio	Creates an archive or restores files from an archive	721
crontab	Schedules a command to run regularly at a specified time	725
cut	Selects characters or fields from input lines	727
date	Displays or sets the time and date	729
dd	Copies a file from one device to another	731
delta	Records changes in an SCCS-encoded file	734
df	Displays the amount of available disk space	736
dfmounts	Lists remotely mounted filesystems	738
diff	Displays the differences between two files	739
dircmp	Displays the differences between two directories	742
du	Displays information on disk usage	745
echo	Displays a message	747
expr	Evaluates an expression	749
file	Displays the classification of a file	752
find	Finds files based on various criteria	753
finger	Displays detailed information on users	758
fmt	Formats text very simply	760
fsck	Checks and repairs a filesystem	761
ftp	Transfers files over a network	765
gcc	Compiles gcc, g++, C, and C++ programs	769
get	Creates an unencoded version of an SCCS file	773
grep	Searches for a pattern in files	777
gzip	Compresses or decompresses files	781
head	Displays the beginning of a file	784
kill	Terminates a process	785
ln	Makes a link to a file	787
lp	Prints files	789
ls	Displays information about one or more files	791
mailx	Sends and receives electronic mail	797
make	Keeps a set of programs current	803
man	Displays documentation for commands	809
mesg	Enables/disables reception of messages	812
mkdir	Makes a directory	813
mkfile	Creates a file/swap area	814
more	Displays a file, one screenful at a time	815
mv	Moves (renames) a file	818
nawk	Searches for and processes patterns in a file	820
nice	Changes the priority of a command	844
nohup	Runs a command that keeps running after you log out	846
od	Dumps the contents of a file	847
paste	Joins corresponding lines from files	849
patch	Updates source code	851
pg	Displays a file, one screenful at a time	857
pr	Paginates files for printing	860
prs	Prints a summary of the history of an SCCS file	862
ps	Displays process status	865
quot	Summarizes filesystem ownership information	868
rcp	Copies one or more files to or from a remote computer	870
rlogin	Logs in on a remote computer	872
rm	Removes a file (deletes a link)	873
rmdel	Removes a delta from an SCCS file	875
rmdir	Removes a directory	876
rsh	Executes commands on a remote computer	877
rwho	Displays names of users on computers attached to a network	879
sed	Edits a file (not interactively)	880
sleep	Creates a process that sleeps for a specified interval	890
sort	Sorts and/or merges files	891
spell	Checks a file for spelling errors	900
stty	Displays or sets terminal/emulator parameters	902
swap	Administrates swap space	907
tail	Displays the last part of a file	909
tar	Stores or retrieves files to/from an archive file	912
tee	Copies standard input to standard output and zero or more files	915
telnet	Connects to a remote computer over a network	916
test	Evaluates an expression	918
touch	Updates access and modification time for a file	922
tr	Replaces specified characters	924
truss	Traces a process	926
tty	Displays the pathname of the login device	932
ufsdump	Backs up files or filesystems	933
ufsrestore	Restores files from a ufsdump archive	936
umask	Establishes or displays the file-creation permissions mask	939
uniq	Displays lines of a file that are unique	940
w	Displays information on system users	942
wc	Displays the number of lines, words, and characters in a file	944
which	Shows where a command is located in your path	945
who	Displays names of users	946
write	Sends a message to another user	948
xargs	Converts standard output of one command into arguments for another	949

 

Appendix A

Regular Expressions 953

Characters 953

Delimiters 953

Simple Strings 954

Special Characters 954

Period 954

Square Brackets 954

Asterisk 955

Caret and Dollar Sign 956

Quoting Special Characters 956

Rules 956

Longest Match Possible 956

Empty Regular Expressions 957

Bracketing Expressions 957

The Replacement String 958

Ampersand 958

Quoted Digit 958

Extended Regular Expressions 959

Summary 960
 
 

Help! 963

System Documentation and Information 963

Where Can I Find More Documentation? 963

Where Can I Look Up a Word? 964

What Are Some Useful Solaris Internet Sites? 965

What Are the Names of Some Solaris Newsgroups? 966

What Are Some Useful Mailing Lists? 966

How Do I Find the Program I Want on the Internet? 967

Utility Programs 968

Security Programs 969

Communication Programs 970

Downloading, Installing, and Running Software 973

What Is the Difference Between Installing a Binary
and a Source Software File? 973

How Do I Get a Program Off the Internet
and Run It on My Computer? 973

How Do I Use ftp? 974

How Do I Download gzip? 976

How Do I Install gzip? 977

Downloading (Using ftp), Compiling,
and Installing GNU make 979

How Do I Unpack the Software Source Code? 981

How Do I Compile and Link the Software? 981

How Do I Install the Compiled Software? 984

Downloading a File Using a Browser
(and Installing It) 984

Installing the File 986

Getting Started with Solaris 987

How Do I Specify the Terminal I Am Using? 987

How Do I Send Files to a Printer? 988

What Is the Name of the Machine I Will Log In On? 988

What Is My Login Name? 988

What Is My Password? 988

What Is the Termcap or Terminfo Name
for My Terminal? 988

Which Shell Will I Be Using? 989

How Do I Get Started with a Graphical User Interface (GUI)? 989

What Is a Window? 990

What Is the Root Window? 991

What Is a Title Bar? 991

What Is a Button? 991

What Is a Slider? 991

What Is a Scroll Bar? 992

What Is an Icon? 992
 
 

Security 993

Encryption 993

Public Key Encryption 994

Secret Key Encryption 995

Implementation 995

File Security 996

PGP 996

Mail Transfer Agents 997

Mail User Agents 997

Network Security 997

Network Security Solutions 998

Network Security Guidelines 999

Host Security 1000

Login Security 1002

Remote Access Security 1003

Viruses and Worms 1004

Physical Security 1004

Summary 1005

The POSIX Standards 1007

POSIX.1 1007

The POSIX.1 FIPS 1009

POSIX.2 1009

Localization 1010

The POSIX Shell 1012

Utilities for Portable Shell Applications 1013

cksum 1015

command 1015

getconf 1015

locale 1016

localedef 1017

logger 1017

mkfifo 1017

pathchk 1017

pax 1018

printf 1018

The User Portability Utilities Option (UPE) 1018

Software Development Utilities 1019

POSIX.3 1020

POSIX.4 1020

POSIX.5 1021

POSIX.9 1021

System Administration 1021

Draft POSIX Standards 1022

Security 1022

Networks 1023

Profiles and POSIX Standards 1024

Summary 1024

Index 1051